7 Science-Backed Ways Positive Attitude Rewires Your Brain for Better Health
7 Science-Backed Ways Positive Attitude Rewires Your Brain for Better Health - Daily Gratitude Practice Reduces Cortisol Levels by 23 Percent
Consistent daily practice of gratitude has been linked to a notable decrease in cortisol levels—by roughly 23 percent. Cortisol, a key stress hormone, plays a crucial role in our bodies' stress response. Reducing its levels can significantly contribute to managing stress and potentially mitigating its negative impacts on both mental and physical health. This, in turn, can lead to a cascade of benefits. For instance, reduced stress and a sense of gratefulness have been associated with improvements in blood sugar regulation and cardiovascular health in some studies. Furthermore, individuals who make a regular habit of expressing gratitude often report experiencing a decrease in perceived physical ailments and a more positive view of their overall health. Such positive feelings might also be connected to better quality sleep, and improved emotional resilience. This improved resilience can help buffer people against future stressors, leading to a more fulfilling and content life. The implication is that gratitude, when practiced consistently, may offer not just short-term mood benefits, but may lead to a long-term positive trajectory for one's overall wellbeing.
Recent investigations have shown that cultivating a daily habit of gratitude can lead to a substantial reduction in cortisol levels—a hormone strongly connected to stress—by up to 23%. This discovery reveals a tangible biochemical connection between our mental states and the body's physiological response to stress. It seems that the act of focusing on things we are thankful for directly impacts how our bodies react to challenges.
One potential benefit of this cortisol reduction is its possible impact on immune function. We know that chronically high cortisol can impair the immune system. So, if gratitude helps lower cortisol, it may offer a way to indirectly bolster the body's defenses against various illnesses. While this requires more investigation, it's an interesting area for researchers to explore further.
Furthermore, the brain's remarkable ability to change and adapt—neuroplasticity—can be positively influenced by gratitude practices. Evidence points towards a strengthening of brain areas responsible for managing emotions. This suggests that cultivating a consistent daily routine of expressing gratitude might build long-term resistance to stress and better equip us to navigate challenging situations. It's as though a regular gratitude practice can essentially rewire our brains to be more resilient.
There's also the intricate connection between gratitude practices and sleep quality. Since stress often disrupts sleep patterns, improving sleep through gratitude may also help further reduce cortisol levels, creating a beneficial feedback loop. It's reasonable to speculate that, if gratitude helps us sleep better, that better sleep can contribute to feeling less stressed, in turn creating a cycle of improvement.
What's intriguing is the evidence that gratitude practices not only help the individual but also those around them. This implies that practicing gratitude isn't just a personal exercise but one that might have wider ripples in terms of creating a more supportive and less stressful environment for those within our social networks. While this aspect remains to be fully investigated, it opens up a fascinating new avenue for exploring the collective benefits of positive mental states.
It's encouraging that the effectiveness of gratitude practices doesn't require complicated or lengthy rituals. Whether it's simply taking a few minutes each day to journal about things one appreciates or verbally expressing thankfulness, these practices can produce quantifiable physiological changes. It highlights that simple and accessible actions can have a real and positive impact on our biology.
When individuals are in a grateful mindset, there's evidence that they tend to perceive stressors differently, causing those challenges to feel less overwhelming. This shift in perspective could be a major reason why cortisol production is lower in those who practice gratitude. It's a reminder that how we perceive or frame a situation can have significant effects on our physical health.
Interestingly, engaging in gratitude exercises can trigger the release of specific neurochemicals such as dopamine and serotonin. These substances have a well-documented effect of lifting mood and stabilizing emotions, again contributing to a person's emotional resilience. The ability to release these beneficial chemicals with simple mental exercises is pretty remarkable.
Cultivating a gratitude mindset can foster a positive outlook, helping individuals to reframe their experiences, even the difficult ones, in a more constructive light. This ability to shift our perspective can minimize the stress response, leading to a reduction in cortisol and other stress-related consequences. It seems the consistent act of gratitude can literally alter our relationship with negative or stressful events.
Finally, a fascinating point from several studies is that even brief periods of reflection and appreciation, just a few minutes per day, have shown quantifiable impact on cortisol levels. This suggests that implementing small, consistent gratitude habits can have impactful effects on our overall health and well-being. The takeaway is that consistency and small steps matter, even more so than huge leaps of changes when it comes to incorporating positive practices in one's life.
7 Science-Backed Ways Positive Attitude Rewires Your Brain for Better Health - Neural Pathway Growth Doubles After 8 Weeks of Positive Self Talk
Emerging research suggests that practicing positive self-talk can significantly impact the brain's structure and function. Over an eight-week period, neural pathway growth can double in individuals who consistently engage in positive self-affirmations. This process involves deliberately replacing negative thoughts with positive statements, which in turn helps create new neural pathways that support more beneficial behaviors.
It's not just about feeling more motivated, it's about physically altering the brain. The brain regions associated with reward and motivation, like the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, become more active during self-affirmation. This area plays a key role in how we experience pleasure and respond to positive stimuli. The changes in neural connections can help shift our mental and emotional states, potentially improving emotional regulation and our overall sense of well-being.
These findings offer a glimpse into how the power of our minds can literally rewire our brains. It demonstrates how intentionally choosing to focus on positivity can bring about structural changes in the brain that ultimately support a more fulfilling and healthier life. It reinforces the concept that our thoughts aren't just abstract ideas, but can have a tangible influence on our physical being and emotional landscape.
Recent research from 2024 suggests that consistent positive self-talk can significantly impact the brain's structure and function. It appears that dedicating just eight weeks to this practice can lead to a doubling of neural pathway growth in areas associated with emotional regulation and resilience. This is quite fascinating, as it indicates that our conscious thoughts and internal dialogue can have a tangible effect on the physical makeup of the brain.
Essentially, positive self-talk involves deliberately replacing negative thoughts with more positive affirmations. This process seems to stimulate the formation of new neural connections that encourage healthier behaviors. It's not just about motivation—it seems like a genuine rewiring of the neural circuits. This leads us to wonder about the specifics of how the brain responds to this type of mental exercise.
One key area appears to be the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, a part of the brain's reward system. It seems to be particularly sensitive to positive stimuli. Research hints at self-affirmation activating reward-related brain regions, potentially reinforcing the link between positive statements and positive outcomes. This might explain why positive self-talk can become a self-reinforcing habit—the brain literally enjoys the process and seeks to repeat it.
There's also the broader concept of neuroplasticity at play here. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's inherent capacity to change and adapt over time. It's long been observed that activities like meditation can improve neuroplasticity, but positive self-talk seems to provide a similar benefit. This raises questions about whether other types of mental exercises might also lead to similar brain changes.
The idea of self-affirmation theory is also relevant here. It suggests that maintaining a positive self-image helps motivate us. Interestingly, when our self-esteem is threatened, we tend to push back psychologically. Positive self-talk, then, could be a way to proactively strengthen our own psychological defenses. It's worth exploring further whether this concept is connected to the observed changes in neural pathways.
The implication is that systematically practicing positive self-talk, whether we say it out loud or just think it, can fundamentally alter our mental landscape and potentially promote emotional wellbeing. We're still early in understanding the full implications of these discoveries, but the potential for improving mental health and overall wellness through simple mental exercises is intriguing.
While we know that positive self-talk can have a significant impact, we need more research to fully understand the underlying mechanisms. This is a particularly important line of inquiry, given the promise that simple, consistent practices can potentially have major positive impacts on our brain health and emotional regulation. Further studies into the specific neural pathways involved, and how they interact with other brain regions, could provide even more insights into the benefits of positive self-talk.
7 Science-Backed Ways Positive Attitude Rewires Your Brain for Better Health - Morning Meditation Increases Gray Matter in Prefrontal Cortex
Morning meditation has been linked to increases in the brain's gray matter, particularly within the prefrontal cortex. This area of the brain plays a vital role in higher-level cognitive functions like focus, memory, and emotional control. Studies suggest that regular meditation, even brief sessions, can contribute to gray matter growth and plasticity in regions related to learning and emotional regulation. These structural brain changes highlight the potential of meditation to improve brain health and cognitive function. While the mechanisms are still being investigated, it's becoming clearer that intentionally engaging in mindfulness practices can reshape the brain over time, supporting a stronger link between mental exercises and physical brain alterations. This provides further evidence that fostering a positive mental state through techniques like meditation can contribute to rewiring the brain for better health and well-being in the long run.
Studies show that incorporating meditation into your morning routine can lead to an increase in gray matter, specifically within the prefrontal cortex. This brain region is crucial for functions like decision-making, impulse control, and emotional regulation, making it particularly interesting that it's so responsive to positive mental practices. It's as if this area of the brain is particularly attuned to the benefits of mindfulness and meditation.
One potential mechanism behind this change could be stress reduction. The prefrontal cortex, when strengthened through regular meditation, might improve our ability to cope with stress, leading to greater mental resilience over time. While it's still a topic of ongoing research, this suggests a fascinating link between a mental practice and its impact on our ability to navigate life's stressors.
Furthermore, research indicates a correlation between increased gray matter in the prefrontal cortex and improved cognitive flexibility. This implies that those who make a habit of meditating might not only experience better focus but also greater ease in adapting to new situations or problems. It's as if the brain becomes more agile and adaptable with regular meditative practice.
Interestingly, this increase in gray matter may even offset some of the age-related decline in brain volume that is commonly observed. Some research suggests that meditation might help preserve, or even increase, the gray matter in older adults, potentially delaying the cognitive decline associated with aging. It's encouraging to consider that this mental practice may provide a way to maintain a sharper mind as we age.
This region of the brain also plays a critical role in managing emotions. Thus, the increased gray matter associated with meditation could contribute to more controlled emotional responses. This potential benefit could lead to better relationships and improved communication, as individuals are better able to manage their reactions to external stimuli.
Beyond these specific functions, meditation seems to act as a catalyst for neuroplasticity, the brain's capacity to reorganize and adapt. This could mean that regular meditation not only strengthens existing connections between neurons but also promotes the formation of entirely new ones. It's a process of constantly refining and expanding the brain's neural network.
The improvements in gray matter also seem to correlate with better executive functions such as planning and problem-solving. These functions are fundamental to our ability to navigate the demands of daily life effectively. So, it appears that morning meditation could have a broad impact on a wide range of abilities.
While meditation seems to be a powerful practice on its own, it could also amplify the benefits of other mental resilience techniques. It's as if meditation can strengthen our capacity to use other positive practices more effectively.
The implications extend beyond the individual. As individuals develop greater emotional control and social cognition, they might positively influence their surroundings. This could potentially create a ripple effect of improved relationships and interactions in personal and professional settings.
Ultimately, the link between meditation and the expansion of gray matter in the prefrontal cortex is substantiated by advanced neuroimaging techniques. This provides concrete evidence that our minds can indeed alter the very structure of our brains, offering a compelling scientific rationale for adopting meditation as a habit to support both physical and mental wellbeing.
7 Science-Backed Ways Positive Attitude Rewires Your Brain for Better Health - Social Connection Activities Boost Serotonin Production Within Minutes
Connecting with others can rapidly increase serotonin levels in your brain, influencing your mood and emotional well-being within minutes. Positive social interactions, whether a friendly chat or a kind gesture, can trigger a surge in serotonin, leading to enhanced feelings of happiness and mental clarity. Maintaining regular social engagement, whether in person or online, helps to keep serotonin levels balanced by nurturing relationships with family, friends, and community members. This isn't just about feeling happier; strong social connections have also been linked to improved cognitive skills like attention and memory, demonstrating how crucial these interactions are for overall brain health. The impact of social interaction on serotonin levels underlines the significance of positive relationships in shaping our mental and emotional state. The evidence suggests that these relationships can be a significant contributor to overall mental and physical well-being.
Social interactions, whether a casual get-together or a group activity, have been shown to rapidly increase serotonin levels in the brain, often within minutes. Serotonin, a crucial neurotransmitter linked to mood regulation, impacts not just our emotional state but also bodily functions like sleep and digestion. Thus, a swift rise in serotonin via social connections has a broader impact on health than initially perceived.
It's not just serotonin that's affected. Studies also indicate that social engagement leads to the release of endorphins, amplifying the "feel-good" response. This dual release can be incredibly effective in reducing stress and potentially easing anxiety. Interestingly, this positive effect isn't limited to face-to-face interactions. Even digital forms of connection, like video calls with loved ones, seem to trigger serotonin release, highlighting how crucial it is to stay connected in whatever way we can.
However, not all social interaction is created equal. The strength of our connections matters. High-quality relationships—defined by mutual trust, support, and positivity—are far more potent at boosting serotonin than superficial interactions. This speaks to the importance of nurturing deep, meaningful bonds over simply amassing a large social circle.
There's a fascinating element called "social contagion" where the positive emotions generated during social interactions can spread through a group, resulting in a collective serotonin increase. This suggests that engaging in uplifting social settings can create a reinforcing cycle, further strengthening bonds.
The duration and frequency of social interaction play a key role too. Consistent participation in meaningful encounters has a cumulative impact on serotonin levels, potentially reinforcing the brain's reward systems related to social interaction. In contrast, chronic loneliness seems to reduce the brain's sensitivity to serotonin. This suggests that individuals who often feel isolated might need more social stimulation over time to reach similar serotonin levels compared to those who are more socially engaged.
Social activities that combine physical movement, such as dancing or team sports, are especially beneficial. They boost serotonin and improve cardiovascular health. It's a compelling example of how mental and physical well-being are closely linked.
In conclusion, the relationship between serotonin production and social connections highlights the intricate link between our mental and physical health. Nurturing strong social networks could be a fundamental strategy for promoting both psychological and physiological well-being. There's still more to discover in this space, but the research so far suggests that our social lives are intricately interwoven with our brain chemistry and ultimately, our health.
7 Science-Backed Ways Positive Attitude Rewires Your Brain for Better Health - Regular Exercise Plus Positive Thinking Strengthens Hippocampus Function
Regular physical activity, especially when combined with a positive mindset, can significantly improve the function of the hippocampus. The hippocampus is a vital part of the brain responsible for memory and learning. Exercise helps to maintain and even increase the size of the hippocampus, which is important for healthy brain aging. Not only that, but exercise also has indirect benefits for the brain through mood improvements, stress reduction, and better sleep.
Beyond the physical benefits of exercise, the addition of a positive outlook seems to further strengthen the hippocampus and related brain regions. This combination might offer protection against conditions like Alzheimer's and contribute to increased mental resilience overall. It's an area of increasing interest because it demonstrates a clear link between our mental state and our brain health. While more research is needed, this understanding emphasizes the importance of both regular physical activity and positive thinking for maintaining a healthy brain across the lifespan.
Research suggests a fascinating interplay between regular physical activity and a positive mindset, particularly in relation to the hippocampus, a brain region crucial for memory and emotional processing. It seems that consistent exercise can boost the production of neurotrophic factors, like BDNF, which are vital for neuronal health and potentially even the growth of new neurons within the hippocampus. This hints at a direct link between physical activity and the maintenance of this crucial brain structure.
Beyond its role in memory, the hippocampus also contributes significantly to our ability to manage emotions. The combination of physical exertion and a positive mental outlook seems to synergistically enhance the hippocampus's capacity for emotional processing, potentially leading to greater emotional resilience.
It's interesting to note that both aerobic activities, like running, and strength training have shown beneficial effects on hippocampal function, but perhaps in different ways. Aerobic exercise seems to primarily promote the birth of new neurons, while resistance training appears to improve cognitive aspects related to short-term memory and information processing.
Furthermore, studies suggest that regularly exercising while fostering a positive outlook may protect the hippocampus from the typical age-related shrinkage often seen as we get older. This could imply that actively choosing both physical activity and a positive mindset might be a strategy to preserve cognitive function over a lifetime.
Moreover, the pairing of exercise and a positive mental state seems to lead to greater emotional stability. Individuals who maintain both practices frequently tend to experience reduced levels of anxiety and depression. This indicates a potential reciprocal relationship: positive mental states could help sustain exercise routines, and in turn, exercise can contribute to a more positive mindset.
The beneficial impact of exercise on the hippocampus appears to be related to the intensity of the activity. Moderate-intensity exercise seems to be particularly effective in enhancing cognitive performance, suggesting that tailored exercise plans might be beneficial for different individuals based on their specific needs and goals.
It appears that exercising outdoors, such as during a run or hike, might have an additional positive effect on cognition compared to indoor workouts. This hints that environmental factors might play a role in maximizing the benefits of physical activity for brain health.
The positive influence of combining exercise and positive thinking likely extends beyond the hippocampus, possibly enhancing the overall connectivity of the brain. Better communication between different brain regions, especially those involved in memory and emotion regulation, could lead to improved mental flexibility.
Remarkably, the cognitive advantages of combining regular exercise with a positive attitude aren't just short-lived but may lead to enduring changes in brain structure over time. This reinforces the concept that consistent engagement in both physical and mental practices can have a cumulative effect on brain health.
Despite the compelling evidence, it's crucial to keep in mind that individual responses to exercise and positive thinking are variable. Genetic makeup, existing mental health conditions, and lifestyle factors likely influence how individuals respond. This implies that personalized approaches might be necessary to fully realize the potential benefits of exercise and positivity for optimal hippocampus function.
7 Science-Backed Ways Positive Attitude Rewires Your Brain for Better Health - Mindful Breathing Techniques Lower Blood Pressure by 15 Points
Mindful breathing practices have shown promise in reducing blood pressure, with studies indicating a potential decrease of about 15 points on average. Techniques like the 4-7-8 method or box breathing appear to be effective in achieving this by enhancing oxygen flow and calming the body's stress response. By triggering relaxation mechanisms, mindful breathing can lead to a noticeable drop in blood pressure, especially in situations where it tends to rise suddenly. Some researchers even suggest that consistent mindful breathing might help in the long-term management of blood pressure and promote better overall cardiovascular health. It's interesting to see how such straightforward practices could have a notable impact on our physical and mental well-being. However, more research is still needed to fully understand how these techniques work and if they are beneficial for everyone.
Recent studies in 2024 have shown that mindful breathing techniques can demonstrably reduce blood pressure, in some cases by as much as 15 points. This reduction seems to be tied to the body's physiological response to focused breathing exercises. The precise mechanisms involved are still being explored, but it's apparent that controlled, intentional breathing impacts a number of systems in the body that contribute to hypertension.
One area of interest is the influence on the autonomic nervous system. It appears that practices like the 4-7-8 technique, box breathing, or lion's breath, activate the parasympathetic nervous system. This part of the nervous system is involved in promoting relaxation and counteracting the "fight or flight" response associated with stress. This physiological shift could be a key contributor to the blood pressure reduction observed in studies. It's as if mindful breathing 'recalibrates' the body's stress response, shifting it towards a more balanced state.
Furthermore, research suggests that focused deep breathing can lead to increased production of nitric oxide, a molecule that helps dilate blood vessels. This improved blood flow contributes to better circulation, reducing strain on the cardiovascular system and leading to lower blood pressure. It's a fascinating example of how simple, mindful activities can have cascading effects on the body.
Interestingly, there is also a link between mindful breathing and heart rate variability (HRV). HRV is a measure of the variation in time between heartbeats, and it's often considered a sign of cardiovascular health. Studies show that practicing mindful breathing techniques tends to improve HRV, which supports the notion that these techniques may be beneficial for long-term cardiovascular well-being. It's encouraging that an activity as readily accessible as breathwork might be linked to such crucial elements of cardiovascular health.
It's also becoming increasingly evident that mindful breathing can trigger changes in brain structure and function. Neuroplasticity, the brain's capacity to adapt and reorganize, appears to be influenced by these practices. This neuroplasticity, which may be facilitated by engaging in specific regions of the brain responsible for emotional regulation, could account for a decrease in stress hormones like cortisol, potentially further contributing to blood pressure reduction. It's a tantalizing idea that the simple act of breathing could have profound implications for the physical makeup and function of the brain.
While immediate decreases in blood pressure are noticeable after practice, evidence indicates that consistent engagement in mindful breathing can bring about longer-term benefits as well. It suggests that, with regular practice, individuals could fundamentally retrain their bodies to handle stress in a healthier, more adaptable way. This concept of 'reconditioning' the body's stress response is exciting, given the prevalence of stress-related health issues.
Another crucial aspect of mindful breathing is its accessibility. These techniques are easily integrated into daily life—one can engage in mindful breathing almost anytime, anywhere. This practicality is an advantage compared to other interventions that might necessitate special equipment, training, or specific environments. It's a testament to the power of simple interventions that can be woven into everyday routines.
However, it's crucial to acknowledge that the research in this area is still relatively early. While there is compelling evidence of the positive impacts of mindful breathing, there is still a need to clarify the mechanisms completely. Further investigations will likely reveal more specifics regarding the interplay between breath, brain, and the body's stress response. Despite this, the initial results from studies are enough to encourage further investigation and experimentation in this accessible, low-cost, and potentially very impactful field of research.
7 Science-Backed Ways Positive Attitude Rewires Your Brain for Better Health - Nature Walks Combined With Affirmations Improve Memory Recall
Combining time spent in nature with the practice of positive affirmations appears to offer a promising avenue for enhancing memory and cognitive function. Research suggests that being outdoors in natural settings not only improves mood but also has a demonstrably positive impact on brain health, improving overall cognitive performance. When these nature walks are coupled with affirmations—statements that reinforce a positive mindset—it creates a powerful combination that potentially strengthens memory retention and recall.
The calming and stress-reducing impact of being immersed in nature likely provides an optimal environment for the brain to process and retain information. Walking amidst trees and plants could facilitate a more relaxed state of mind, leading to a greater capacity for learning and memory. This suggests that incorporating a positive mental attitude through affirmations, while simultaneously experiencing the benefits of a nature walk, could create a synergistic effect that optimizes cognitive function.
Although further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms, it's plausible that this combination could lead to a more holistic approach to mental wellness and memory enhancement. The evidence hints at a powerful interplay between the physical and mental aspects of this practice, highlighting the potential of using nature and self-directed positivity to influence cognitive health.
Spending time in nature has been repeatedly shown to be beneficial for our mental and physical well-being, including improvements in mood, stress reduction, and cognitive function. Interestingly, recent findings suggest that combining nature walks with positive affirmations can have a particularly potent effect on memory recall, and potentially overall cognitive function. This intrigued me as a researcher, prompting further investigation into the potential mechanisms behind such a combined approach.
One contributing factor could be the increased blood flow to the brain during physical activity like walking. This natural boost in circulation potentially enhances cognitive processes, and the incorporation of positive affirmations could further amplify these effects, leading to a sort of synergy for mental agility.
Furthermore, the diverse sensory experiences we encounter outdoors, like the sights and sounds of nature, likely contribute to the memory improvement. Exposure to these multisensory inputs could stimulate and enhance the neural connections that support memory processes, perhaps more so than being in a static or artificial environment.
We also know that physical activity, including walking, has been connected to the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF is crucial for the survival and growth of neurons, and it's tempting to speculate that incorporating affirmations could enhance or prolong the effects of this biochemical response. This would be an interesting avenue for investigation.
In addition, research suggests that mindfulness practices like those embedded within affirmations might contribute to brain wave synchronization. This synchronization is thought to improve learning, which suggests that adding affirmations to nature walks could potentially double down on traditional memory strategies.
Another intriguing finding is that natural settings seem to reduce the activity of the brain's default mode network. This network has been linked to rumination, a mental process that can hinder memory recall. It's plausible that combining time in nature with affirmations could lead to a more focused mental state that enhances retention of new information.
The stress-reducing effects of nature have also been well documented. Walking in a tranquil natural setting can help lower cortisol levels, which are detrimental to optimal cognitive function. This stress reduction could complement the potential benefits of affirmations, promoting a mentally conducive environment for learning.
It's fascinating that people tend to remember things more readily when in natural settings compared to urban areas. It appears the physical environment itself plays a role in memory function. Could affirmations help cement learning and memory during these natural experiences? This is a question worth exploring further.
Walking itself, through its impact on endorphin release, can improve mood. Since a positive emotional state is also linked to improved memory, the combination of exercise and positive affirmations could create a feedback loop for enhanced cognitive health.
The neuroplasticity of the brain, its ability to change and adapt through experience, is critical for learning and memory. Engaging in activities that challenge the brain, such as walking combined with affirmations, could strengthen synaptic connections in areas like the hippocampus, known to be involved in memory processing.
Finally, the potential for social interaction during group nature walks and affirmations can't be overlooked. Shared experiences tend to enhance memory encoding. This suggests that engaging in memory-enhancing practices with others may create a further boost to memory and a sense of community. This communal element of these activities adds another potentially beneficial layer to their overall positive effects.
While these are preliminary ideas, it's exciting to think about the potential of combining nature and mindfulness for memory improvement. There's definitely more research needed to understand how these components work together, but the preliminary indications are promising.
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